Tag Archives: Book of Revelation

Aroma of Christ

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Charcoal, incense, and thuribles in the worship of God, who descends as the smoke rises.


But thanks be to God, who in Christ always celebrates his victory over us by a triumphal procession, and through us manifests the fragrance of the knowledge of him in every place. For we are the aroma of Christ to God among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing, to the latter a fragrance from death to death, to the former a fragrance from life to life. (2 Cor. 2:14-18)

St. Paul says that the Christians are the fragrance, the aroma of Christ in every place. For those who will be saved at the Last Day, the Christians are like the fragrance of incense; for those who will be damned at the Last Day, the Christians are like the stench of a decomposing corpse.

To unbelievers the preaching of the Cross is the smell of death. On hearing the Word of God they receive it as if it were a plague from which death knocks on the door. But to others it is the fragrance of life. To believers the Word of God is a messenger of eternal life.

… Some things are recognized by their smell, even though they are invisible. God, who is invisible, wishes to be understood through Christ. The preaching of Christ reaches our ears just as an aroma reaches our nostrils, bringing God and his only begotten Son right into the midst of his creation. A person who speaks the truth about Christ is … a good aroma from God, worthy of praise from the one who believes. But one who makes erroneous assertions about Christ has a bad smell to believers and unbelievers alike.

(Ambrosiaster, Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistles; written AD 366-384)

Incense, especially frankincense, is commonly found in the Old Testament. Anytime a prophet sees God or the heavenly court, there is a LOT of smoke (i.e. incense) billowing up around the Throne of God. There is a lot of incense filling the air of the Temple–twice a day several shovelfuls of incense are burnt on the altar that stands in front of the Holy of Holies. And on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, the Holy of Holies is itself supposed to be so full of fragrant incense smoke that the High Priest should not be able to see his hand in front of his face.

Put an altar of incense in your innermost heart. Be a sweet aroma of Christ.

… so also the prophetic word is “a sweet fragrance” to those who believe, but to the doubting and unbelieving and those who say they belong to Pharoah, it becomes a detestable odor.

Origen, Homilies on Exodus)

In the New Testament, St. John describes in the Book of Revelation (the Apocalypse) how the angels stand swinging thuribles before the Throne of God and that the heavenly throne room is full of billowing clouds of fragrant smoke as the angels and saints offer the incense and prayers to God. Fragrant incense is everywhere God is, according to the Old and New Testaments.

Then another angel, who had a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense to offer, along with the prayers of all the saints, on the golden altar before the throne. And the smoke of the incense, together with the prayers of the saints, rose up before God from the hand of the angel. Then the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar ….

Book of Revelation 8:3-5

Christians are both the fragrance of Christ in the world and the fragrance of prayer offered to Christ. The Holy Spirit descends as the smoke/prayer rises. Who would not want to experience that scriptural scent as they bow down to God?

Jezebel and the Nicolaitans

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Israel’s most accursed queen carefully fixes a pink rose in her red locks in John Byam Liston Shaw’s “Jezebel” from 1896. Jezebel’s reputation as the most dangerous seductress in the Bible stems from her final appearance: her husband King Ahab is dead; her son has been murdered by Jehu. As Jehu’s chariot races toward the palace to kill Jezebel, she “painted her eyes with kohl and dressed her hair, and she looked out of the window” (2 Kings 9:30). Image: Russell-Cotes Art Gallery and Museum, Bournemouth, UK/Bridgeman Art Library.

“Nevertheless, I have this against you: You tolerate that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophet.” (Apocalypse 2:20)

There is a woman in Thyatira who is a rival of St. John the Apostle. She teaches a group known as the Nicolaitans. She–and her followers–reject the authority of the St. John and disobey his teaching. He compares her to the Old Testament queen, Jezebel.

Jezebel appears in the Old Testament (2 Kings). She is the archenemy of the prophet Elijah. She teaches the people to commit adultery and practice sorcery. Tyconius–the first Biblical scholar to write a commentary on the Apocalypse–says that the figure of Jezebel in the Apocalypse “stands for the whole fallen order.” She is everything that stands in opposition to God. Always and everywhere, whatever opposes God is “Jezebel.” Tyconius also says that her followers, her “children,” can be seen as Goliath, who refused to admit the truth: that Israel’s God is the true God and that David was the one chosen by God to protect the people. Jezebel’s followers refuse to admit the truth: that the Apostle John is the authentic teacher chosen by God and serves as the protector of the Christian communities, as David was in the Old Testament.)

The woman in Thyatira that St. John was concerned was an “antinomian.” (That’s a fancy word that means “against the rules.” Antinomian groups always object to having to follow any rules.) She taught her followers that it didn’t matter what they ate or who they slept with or if they denied Christ when arrested by the Romans and were facing execution. (There was an antinomian faction among the Christians in Corinth, as well–people thought it didn’t matter what they ate or who they slept with.)

“Jezebel” in Thyatira told her followers to just blend in with mainstream society. St. John did not want the Christians to assimilate at all with the society in which they lived. “How much assimilation is acceptable?” was a difficult question that different Christian teachers answered in different ways in different places at different times.

Balaam and the Nicolaitans

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Left: Balaam and the angel. Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)
Right: Balaam and the Ass, by Rembrandt van Rijn, (1626)

“There are some among you who hold to the teaching of Balaam, who taught … the Israelites to sin so that they ate food sacrificed to idols and committed sexual immorality.” (Apocalypse 2:14)

The gentile prophet Balaam appears in the Old Testament book of Numbers, chapters 22-24. He is hired by a pagan king to curse the Israelites before they can conquer the pagan king’s territory. Balaam warns the king that he cannot do anything the gods do not approve of; the king hires him anyway. Balaam attempts to curse the Israelites three times but each time his words become blessings for the Israelites. The king is furious.

The three blessings that Balaam pronounced over the Israelites were understood by the Israelites to refer to the Messiah, especially the third blessing: “A star will rise out of Jacob, a scepter shall rise out of Israel.” Christians often read this story at Christmas and Epiphany.

The story of Balaam and his donkey reports that as Balaam was going to a cliff that was near the Israelite camp–he wanted to look out over the Israelites as he tried to curse them–the donkey he was riding suddenly refused to walk any further. Balaam kept hitting the donkey, trying to force it to go forward. At least the donkey turned to him and said, “Don’t you see the angel blocking the road ahead?!” Shocked that the donkey spoke, he looked ahead and DID see the angle blocking the road. But the angel withdrew and allowed the donkey and Balaam to go forward although Balaam never was able to curse the Israelites. (Balaam’s donkey is one of the only two animals who are ever reported to speak in the Bible; the other one is the serpent in Eden.)

But in Numbers 25, we are told that the Israelites abandoned the true God and ate non-kosher food and engaged in a wide variety of sexual misbehavior. Later in Numbers, we read that Balaam and the pagan king taught the Israelites to do these things; they hoped that God would abandon the people if they disobeyed the commandments they had been given. (Since the king couldn’t get Balaam to curse the people, he tried this as a Plan B.) The plan worked: God struck the Israelites with a plague because of their disobedience. But they repented and eventually conquered the pagan king’s territory anyway.

The heretics in Asia Minor–false Christian teachers who instruct their followers to behave in ways St. John thinks are sinful–are compared to Balaam who taught the Israelites to disobey God even after he had blessed them and promised that the Messiah would appear among them.